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Oxfordshire Rising of 1596
The Oxfordshire Rising took place in November 1596 under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I of England during times of bad harvest and unprecedented poverty. A small group of impoverished men developed a plan to seize weapons and armour and march on London, hoping to attract "200 or 300... from various towns of that shire".〔(Calendar of State Papers, Domestic ), 'Queen Elizabeth - Volume 261: December 1596' in Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.) ''Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Elizabeth, 1595-97'' (London, 1869), pp. 313-327〕 They met on Enslow Hill on 21 November, but without any of the assumed support were quickly arrested,〔(), J.A. Sharpe, ‘Social Strain and Social Dislocation, 1585-1603’, in John Guy (ed.), ''The Reign of Elizabeth I: Court and Culture in the Last Decade'' (Cambridge, 1995), pp.192-211, pp. 198-9.〕 and tortured due to suspicions of a wider conspiracy. A year later two of the men were hung, drawn and quartered for their treason.〔
==Background==
The years 1596-98 were the worst for many years for the English population, as bad harvests coincided with outbreaks of disease, as well as a fall in wages which forced many people into starvation. Given the state of the poorest classes, those with property felt threatened by revolt, a fact not helped by the boom in publishing of sensationalist literature detailing the many 'crimes' of vagrants thanks to new printing technology. Over 20% of the rural population were considered 'poor' (i.e. impoverished) and so these fears were easy to feed. Furthermore, as it was up to the local gentry and JPs (Justices of the Peace) to enforce these laws there was a great deal of inconsistency in their application.
As population levels started to rise in the second half of the sixteenth century, pressure on land for food and work increased, and the enclosure of common land, whether agreed amicably among farmers or enforced illegally by greedy landlords, was seen by distressed groups as the cause of their grief. For much of the period grain prices rose ahead of wool prices and enclosure attracted less political attention. By the 1590s, however, private profit was replacing communal co-operation. Allegations that common lands had been fenced off, villagers denied rights of pasturage and land converted from arable to pasture lay behind events in Oxfordshire in 1596.
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